clarkii, which then spread throughout both the whole peninsula and Sicily and Sardinia. Lake Massaciuccoli (ZSC-IT5120021) is a brackish lake located in the Migliarino, San Rossore, Massaciuccoli nature park (Lucca province, Central Italy) and is supposed to be the second biotope invaded by P. Lake Candia (ZSC-IT1110036) is in the north-west of the Italian Peninsula and is located near to Carmagnola (Turin province), which is considered the first entry point of this invasive species in Italy. clarkii populations of northern and Central Italy, in order to (i) outline their genetic relationships, (ii) investigate their origins and dispersal routes, (iii) identify likely source populations and (iv) determine whether multiple introductions have occurred in these areas, by focusing on the role of single versus multiple events. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic variation of the mtDNA control region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in six P. clarkii mitochondrial control region, which have allowed a better understanding of its rapid invasion in China and an identification of typical genetic variants in the Italian biotope of Lake Trasimeno (Central Italy). Nevertheless, to date there are few available data for the P. The species colonized a stream in the hydrogeographic basin of the Benna torrent, a tributary of the Po River, precisely in the Carmagnola area (Turin province northern Italy). It is not clear whether the release occurred accidentally or if it was human-mediated. clarkii in this area could be due to the presence of a small intensive crayfish farm from 1977 to 1985. Procambarus clarkii was introduced in Italy in 1977, even if its presence was recorded for the first time in 1989. Several studies focused on its genetic diversity, and a low variability was observed both in France and in the Iberian Peninsula. clarkii were carried out in Chinese populations and highlighted a high level of genetic diversity, with irregularly distributed populations in accordance with the genetic differentiation as a consequence of the geographic isolation. clarkii was reconstructed by analyzing the COI gene from 1416 samples, reporting two independent invasion routes in the USA, more introduction routes towards Europe and a single event into Asia. In particular, the region of COI has a considerable potential for the DNA barcoding identification system for crustaceans, to identify individuals at species level and to replace the current methods used in the official control of foodstuffs, while control region (CR), the non-coding and hypervariable area of the mtDNA that evolves three to five times more rapidly than the rest, represents a powerful molecular marker for phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be particularly useful in tracing ancestral relationships among individuals because of maternal inheritance and the high mutation rate. The invasion process determines a genetic diversity for this invasive species, pointing out the importance of ecological and anthropogenic factors in shaping its variability. The successful invasion of an invasive species into a new environment might cause an increase in genetic diversity, because of its multiple introductions, hybridization and adaptation. In this scenario, population genetics represents an informative tool to facilitate the effective ecological restoration of invaded ecosystems, and to reconstruct the phylogeny, trace possible invasion paths and estimate the frequency of introductions. clarkii occurred in northern and Central Italy and strengthening the idea that knowledge about the dispersion routes of this alien species can be useful to predict its invasiveness and elaborate control strategies to preserve biodiversity. Moreover, unique lineages were also found in the Stella River, thus enhancing the hypothesis that multiple introductions of P. Another entry point could be represented by Lake Trasimeno, which shows haplotypes originating from Louisiana and not shared with other Italian basins. clarkii from the lakes Candia and Massaciuccoli confirmed the hypothesis of double introduction events. Except for the lakes Bolsena and Posta Fibreno, a high genetic variability was found in the other basins. Mitochondrial control region and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of 153 samples collected from six Italian basins were analyzed and compared to worldwide data. clarkii populations in the Italian Peninsula through the analysis of mitochondrial phylogeny. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of the phylogeography and the invasion routes of P. The red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is one of the most threatening freshwater species in the world.
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